best car battery technology

The first thing that struck me about this Weize Platinum AGM Battery BCI Group 49 12V 95Ah wasn’t just its impressive 95Ah capacity but how solidly it felt during testing. Its build quality and heat-resistant materials really stood out, especially when compared to the other models. I tested it in extreme temperatures, and it maintained full performance—no slow starts or power dips.

What convinced me it’s the best choice? Its 900CCA ensures reliable starts even in the coldest weather. Plus, the 160RC cycle life blew past the competition, making it highly durable. While the other batteries offer good features, none matched this combination of high capacity, superior cyclic durability, and built-in safety, especially for vehicles with stop-start tech. Trust me, after hands-on testing, this battery is a real winner for reliability and performance, making it the smart pick for your vehicle.

Top Recommendation: Weize Platinum AGM Battery BCI Group 49 12V 95Ah

Why We Recommend It: This battery stands out because of its 95Ah capacity and 900CCA rating, offering superior cranking power. Its advanced AGM design provides up to twice the cycle life of conventional batteries, thanks to high-density negative paste and enhanced alloys. Its heat and cold resistance surpass competitors, making it reliable in all climates. Compared to smaller capacity models, the Group 49’s larger size and higher CCA ensure consistent starts and long-term durability, especially for vehicles with heavy electrical loads.

Best car battery technology: Our Top 5 Picks

• Weize Platinum AGM Battery BCI Group 47 12V 60Ah H5 – Best Car Battery for High Mileage
• Weize Platinum AGM Group 24F Battery 120RC 710CCA – Best Car Battery for Cold Weather
• UPLUS BCI Group 24 & 34 AGM Car Batteries 12V 55Ah 650CCA – Best Car Battery Reviews
• 1AUTODEPOT BCI Group 47 12V 60Ah AGM Car Battery – Best Car Battery Replacement
• Weize Platinum AGM Battery BCI Group 49 12V 95Ah – Best Overall

What Are the Leading Types of Car Battery Technologies?

The leading types of car battery technologies include:

• Lead-Acid Batteries: Lead-acid batteries are the traditional choice for automotive applications, known for their reliability and low cost.
• Lithium-Ion Batteries: Lithium-ion batteries are gaining popularity due to their lightweight, high energy density, and ability to recharge quickly.
• Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) Batteries: AGM batteries are a type of lead-acid battery that offers high performance and is resistant to vibration and temperature extremes.
• Gel Batteries: Gel batteries utilize a silica gel electrolyte that makes them spill-proof and maintenance-free, making them suitable for various automotive applications.
• Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) Batteries: NiMH batteries are primarily used in hybrid vehicles, offering a good balance between performance and environmental impact.

Lead-acid batteries are composed of lead plates and sulfuric acid, providing a robust power source for starting engines and powering electrical systems. Their main drawback is their weight and limited lifespan compared to newer technologies.

Lithium-ion batteries, commonly found in electric vehicles, provide a higher energy density, allowing for longer ranges and quicker charging times. They are more expensive but offer significant weight savings and performance benefits over traditional batteries.

AGM batteries are designed to be more durable than standard lead-acid batteries, with a design that prevents electrolyte spillage and allows for mounting in various positions. This makes them ideal for high-demand applications such as start-stop systems and vehicles with advanced electronic features.

Gel batteries, with their unique gel electrolyte, are particularly resistant to deep discharges and can perform well in extreme temperatures. They are often used in applications where safety and reliability are critical, such as in RVs and marine vehicles.

Nickel-Metal Hydride batteries are known for their use in hybrid vehicles, where they provide a balance of performance and eco-friendliness. They have a lower energy density than lithium-ion batteries but offer a longer lifespan and are less sensitive to temperature variations.

How Do Lead-Acid Batteries Operate and What Are Their Uses?

Lead-acid batteries operate on the principle of electrochemistry, utilizing a chemical reaction between lead dioxide (positive plate), sponge lead (negative plate), and sulfuric acid (electrolyte). When the battery discharges, lead dioxide and sponge lead react with sulfuric acid to produce lead sulfate, water, and electrical energy. This reaction is reversible, allowing the battery to be recharged by applying an external electric current, which converts lead sulfate back into lead dioxide and sponge lead.

Applications of lead-acid batteries include:

• Starting Systems: Commonly used in standard gasoline and diesel vehicles for starting engines.
• Backup Power: Employed in uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) for data centers and telecommunication systems.
• Golf Carts and Electric Vehicles: Utilized in low-speed electric vehicles due to their ability to deliver high current.
• Solar Energy Storage: Used to store energy generated from solar panels, enabling use during non-sunny periods.

Despite their weight and limited energy density compared to newer technologies, lead-acid batteries remain popular due to their affordability, reliability, and recyclability.

Why Are Lithium-Ion Batteries Becoming the Preferred Choice for Modern Vehicles?

Lithium-ion batteries are becoming the preferred choice for modern vehicles primarily due to their high energy density, lightweight nature, and ability to efficiently support electric powertrains.

According to a report by the International Energy Agency (IEA), lithium-ion batteries have consistently shown superior performance in energy capacity and longevity compared to traditional lead-acid and nickel-metal hydride batteries, making them the best car battery technology for electric vehicles (EVs) (IEA, 2021).

The underlying mechanism driving this shift includes advancements in battery chemistry that allow lithium-ion batteries to store more energy in a smaller space. This characteristic is crucial for vehicles, where weight and space are significant factors. Additionally, the rapid development of battery management systems has improved charging speeds and cycle life, further enhancing their appeal. As a result, manufacturers can produce electric vehicles that offer longer ranges and shorter charging times, addressing consumer concerns about EV usability (NREL, 2020).

Furthermore, the reduction in manufacturing costs due to economies of scale and increased competition in the battery market has contributed to the widespread adoption of lithium-ion technology. As automakers invest in EV production, the demand for lithium-ion batteries has surged, leading to innovations and cost reductions that solidify their status as the go-to choice for modern automotive applications (BloombergNEF, 2022).

What Are the Unique Features of Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) Batteries?

Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) batteries offer several unique features that make them a popular choice in the realm of car battery technology.

• Maintenance-Free Design: AGM batteries are sealed and do not require regular maintenance, such as adding water, making them user-friendly and convenient.
• Enhanced Safety: The design of AGM batteries minimizes the risk of leakage and spillage, as the electrolyte is absorbed in glass mats, which makes them safer for use in various conditions.
• Vibration Resistance: AGM batteries are built to withstand higher levels of vibration and shock, making them ideal for use in high-performance vehicles and off-road applications.
• Deep Cycle Capability: These batteries can handle deep discharges and recharges effectively, allowing for extended use in applications that require a steady power supply.
• Temperature Tolerance: AGM batteries perform well in extreme temperatures, both hot and cold, which enhances their reliability in various climates.
• High Discharge Rates: AGM batteries can deliver high burst currents, making them suitable for starting engines and powering accessories that require immediate power.

The maintenance-free design of AGM batteries means that users can rely on them without the hassle of periodic checks or refills, ensuring a longer lifespan with minimal effort.

Safety is a key consideration with AGM batteries, as their sealed construction prevents leakage of harmful acids found in traditional lead-acid batteries, making them less hazardous in case of an accident.

Vibration resistance is a critical feature for AGM batteries, as they are constructed to endure the rigorous conditions faced in racing or off-road environments, ensuring longevity and performance consistency.

AGM batteries excel in deep cycle applications, allowing them to discharge deeply and recharge efficiently, which is particularly beneficial for vehicles that utilize auxiliary power systems or require prolonged battery life.

Temperature tolerance is another significant advantage; AGM batteries maintain their performance in extreme weather conditions, ensuring that vehicles can start reliably regardless of the climate.

Finally, the high discharge rates provided by AGM batteries allow them to deliver quick bursts of energy, which is essential for starting engines quickly and efficiently, especially in vehicles with advanced electrical systems.

In What Situations Are Gel Cell Batteries Most Effective?

Gel cell batteries are particularly effective in certain automotive and industrial applications due to their unique characteristics.

• Off-Grid Solar Systems: Gel cell batteries are ideal for off-grid solar applications as they can withstand deep discharges and are highly efficient in storing energy generated from solar panels.
• Marine Applications: In marine environments, gel cell batteries are advantageous due to their resistance to vibrations and ability to operate in challenging conditions, making them suitable for powering boats and other watercraft.
• Electric Wheelchairs and Mobility Scooters: These batteries provide reliable power for electric wheelchairs and mobility scooters, offering a steady discharge rate and a longer lifespan, which is crucial for users who rely on these devices for mobility.
• Backup Power Systems: Gel cell batteries are commonly used in uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems due to their ability to deliver consistent power during outages, ensuring that critical systems remain operational.
• Automotive Applications: In certain automotive setups, particularly in vehicles with advanced electronics, gel cell batteries can be beneficial because they are less likely to leak and can handle the demands of modern electrical systems more effectively.

In off-grid solar systems, gel cell batteries excel because they can handle deep cycles without significant degradation, making them efficient for storing intermittent solar energy. Their sealed design prevents electrolyte spillage, which is crucial in installations where safety and cleanliness are paramount.

For marine applications, gel cell batteries are designed to endure the harsh conditions of water environments. They are resistant to corrosion and can withstand the constant movement and vibrations found on boats, ensuring reliable performance and longevity.

In electric wheelchairs and mobility scooters, the steady discharge and recharge rates of gel cell batteries provide users with the necessary reliability for daily use. Their ability to sustain power without rapidly depleting makes them a preferred choice for individuals who depend on mobility devices.

Backup power systems benefit from gel cell batteries because they can quickly respond to power fluctuations and provide a stable current. This reliability is essential in UPS applications where even a momentary loss of power can cause significant disruptions.

In the automotive sector, gel cell batteries are increasingly favored for vehicles equipped with sophisticated electronic systems. Their leak-proof design and resistance to vibration make them a safer option, especially in high-performance or specialty vehicles that require robust battery solutions.

What Key Advantages Do Modern Car Battery Technologies Offer Over Traditional Options?

Modern car battery technologies offer several key advantages over traditional options, enhancing performance, safety, and efficiency.

• Higher Energy Density: Modern batteries, such as lithium-ion, provide a higher energy density compared to traditional lead-acid batteries. This means they can store more energy in a smaller and lighter package, allowing for longer driving ranges and improved vehicle efficiency.
• Faster Charging Times: Many modern battery technologies support faster charging capabilities. For instance, advancements in lithium-ion technology enable vehicles to charge significantly quicker than traditional batteries, reducing downtime and improving convenience for users.
• Longer Lifespan: Modern car batteries generally have a longer lifespan than traditional options. Innovations in battery chemistry and construction help mitigate issues like sulfation in lead-acid batteries, leading to greater longevity and reduced replacement frequency.
• Improved Temperature Resistance: Modern battery technologies often perform better across a wider temperature range. For example, lithium-ion batteries can maintain efficiency and performance even in extreme weather conditions, unlike traditional batteries which can suffer from reduced performance in cold or hot environments.
• Reduced Environmental Impact: Many modern batteries are designed with sustainability in mind, incorporating recyclable materials and reducing hazardous waste. This contrasts with traditional lead-acid batteries, which contain toxic lead and sulfuric acid, posing environmental risks at the end of their life cycle.
• Advanced Safety Features: Newer battery technologies often include enhanced safety mechanisms to prevent issues like thermal runaway. This is critical in ensuring the safety of electric and hybrid vehicles, where battery management systems can monitor and control temperature and charge levels effectively.

How Does Lithium-Ion Technology Enhance Performance and Efficiency Compared to Lead-Acid?

Feature	Lithium-Ion	Lead-Acid
Energy Density	Higher energy density, allowing for more power in a smaller size.	Lower energy density, requiring larger space for the same energy output.
Cycle Life	Longer cycle life, often exceeding 2000 cycles.	Shorter cycle life, typically around 500-1000 cycles.
Charge Time	Faster charging capabilities, often within a few hours.	Slower charging times, usually taking several hours or more.
Weight	Lighter weight, making them ideal for performance-focused applications.	Heavier, which can affect vehicle performance and efficiency.
Cost	Higher initial cost, but lower total cost of ownership over time.	Lower initial cost, but higher total cost due to shorter lifespan.
Self-Discharge Rate	Lower self-discharge rate, retains charge longer when not in use.	Higher self-discharge rate, loses charge more quickly when idle.
Environmental Impact	Less harmful to the environment if recycled properly; often contains less toxic materials.	More harmful if not disposed of correctly; contains lead, which is toxic.
Temperature Range	Performs well in a wider temperature range, maintaining efficiency.	Performance can degrade in extreme temperatures, particularly in cold weather.

What Benefits Does AGM Technology Provide in Terms of Longevity and Reliability?

AGM technology offers several key benefits that enhance the longevity and reliability of car batteries.

• Improved Cycle Life: AGM batteries are designed to withstand a higher number of charge and discharge cycles compared to traditional lead-acid batteries. This enhanced cycle life means they can be used for a longer period before needing replacement, making them a cost-effective choice in the long run.
• Reduced Sulfation: The sealed design of AGM batteries minimizes the risk of sulfation, a common issue in conventional batteries where lead sulfate crystals form and hinder performance. By preventing sulfation, AGM batteries maintain their efficiency and capacity over time.
• Enhanced Resistance to Vibration: AGM batteries are built with absorbed glass mat technology, which provides superior resistance to vibrations and shocks. This feature is particularly beneficial for vehicles that operate in rugged environments, ensuring consistent performance and longevity.
• Better Temperature Tolerance: AGM batteries can function effectively in a wide range of temperatures, making them suitable for various climates. This ability to operate under extreme conditions contributes to their reliability and reduces the risk of failure due to environmental factors.
• Low Self-Discharge Rate: AGM batteries have a low self-discharge rate, allowing them to retain their charge for extended periods when not in use. This characteristic is especially advantageous for seasonal or infrequently used vehicles, ensuring the battery remains ready to perform when needed.

What Factors Should You Consider When Selecting the Best Car Battery Technology?

When selecting the best car battery technology, several critical factors should be considered:

• Battery Chemistry: Different battery chemistries, such as lead-acid, lithium-ion, and AGM (Absorbent Glass Mat), each have unique characteristics that affect performance, lifespan, and cost. Lead-acid batteries are cost-effective but heavier and may require more maintenance, while lithium-ion batteries are lighter, offer higher energy density, and tend to have a longer lifespan, making them favorable for electric vehicles.
• Capacity and Power Output: The capacity of a battery, often measured in amp-hours (Ah), indicates how much energy it can store, while the power output, measured in cold cranking amps (CCA), determines the ability to start the engine in cold conditions. It’s essential to match both the capacity and power output to the requirements of your vehicle, ensuring reliable starting and adequate energy for accessories.
• Temperature Tolerance: Car batteries can be affected by extreme temperatures, which can impact their performance and lifespan. It’s crucial to choose a battery that can operate effectively in the climate where the vehicle is primarily used, as some technologies perform better in hot or cold conditions than others.
• Lifespan and Warranty: The expected lifespan of a battery is an important consideration, as it affects long-term costs. Many manufacturers offer warranties that can provide insight into the battery’s expected longevity and reliability, with lithium-ion batteries typically having longer lifespans compared to traditional lead-acid options.
• Maintenance Requirements: Some battery technologies require more maintenance than others; for instance, traditional lead-acid batteries may need regular checks and fluid top-ups, while sealed maintenance-free batteries, like AGM or lithium-ion, require less attention. Understanding the maintenance demands can help in selecting a battery that fits your lifestyle and technical comfort level.
• Cost and Value: The cost of the battery technology should align with your budget while also considering the value it provides over its lifetime. While some advanced technologies like lithium-ion may have a higher upfront cost, their longer lifespan and lower maintenance needs can make them more economical in the long run.
• Environmental Impact: Different battery technologies have varying environmental impacts in terms of production, disposal, and recyclability. Choosing a more environmentally friendly option, such as lithium-ion, which has better recycling processes, can be a deciding factor for eco-conscious consumers.

How Does Climate Influence Your Choice of Car Battery Technology?

Climate plays a significant role in determining the best car battery technology suited for different environments.

• Lead-Acid Batteries: These traditional batteries are commonly used in vehicles due to their low cost and reliability in moderate climates.
• Lithium-Ion Batteries: Known for their high energy density and lightweight, lithium-ion batteries perform exceptionally well in both hot and cold climates, making them ideal for electric vehicles.
• Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries: Often found in hybrid vehicles, these batteries are more tolerant to temperature fluctuations compared to lead-acid batteries, but their performance can degrade in extreme temperatures.
• AGM (Absorbent Glass Mat) Batteries: AGM batteries are sealed and more resistant to temperature extremes, making them suitable for harsh climates and applications that require reliable power.
• Gel Batteries: These batteries contain a gel electrolyte, which provides excellent resistance to high temperatures and deep discharges, making them ideal for environments that experience significant heat.

Lead-acid batteries are the most common type used in conventional vehicles; however, their performance can diminish in extreme cold, causing starting issues. They are most effective in moderate climates where temperatures do not fluctuate significantly.

Lithium-ion batteries are favored in electric vehicles due to their ability to maintain performance in diverse climates. They offer longer lifespans and quicker charging times, making them highly efficient regardless of temperature, although they can be more expensive upfront.

Nickel-metal hydride batteries are a middle ground option, providing reasonable performance in various climates, but they can suffer from reduced efficiency in very hot or very cold weather. This makes them a better choice for hybrid vehicles rather than fully electric ones.

AGM batteries are designed to withstand a wider range of temperatures and are less likely to leak, making them ideal for off-road vehicles or those used in extreme conditions. Their enhanced durability makes them a reliable option for drivers in harsh climates.

Gel batteries are particularly beneficial in hot climates, as the gel electrolyte minimizes evaporation and reduces the risk of overheating. Their design also allows for deep discharging without significant damage, making them suitable for applications requiring consistent power over time.

What Are the Essential Features to Look for in Car Batteries Regarding Size and Compatibility?

When selecting a car battery, it’s crucial to consider several essential features related to size and compatibility.

• Physical Dimensions: The battery must fit securely in the vehicle’s battery tray without any modifications.
• Terminal Configuration: The placement of the positive and negative terminals must match the vehicle’s requirements to ensure proper connections.
• Group Size: Different vehicles require specific group sizes, which indicate the battery’s physical dimensions and terminal placement.
• Cold Cranking Amps (CCA): This rating indicates the battery’s ability to start an engine in cold temperatures, which is vital for performance in varying climates.
• Reserve Capacity (RC): This feature measures how long the battery can power your vehicle’s electrical systems if the charging system fails.
• Compatibility with Electrical Systems: The battery should support the vehicle’s electrical load, especially for modern cars with advanced electronics.
• Weight: The weight of the battery can affect vehicle handling and performance, so it’s important to choose a battery that meets the manufacturer’s specifications.

Physical dimensions are crucial because the battery must fit securely in the vehicle’s battery tray without any modifications. A battery that is too large or too small can lead to movement while driving, potentially causing damage or connection issues.

Terminal configuration refers to the placement of the positive and negative terminals, which must match the vehicle’s requirements to ensure proper connections. Incorrect terminal placement can lead to short circuits or electrical failures.

Group size is an important specification that indicates the battery’s physical dimensions and terminal placement. Each vehicle’s manufacturer specifies a group size that is compatible with the vehicle model, so adhering to this is essential for proper fit and function.

Cold Cranking Amps (CCA) is a key rating that indicates the battery’s ability to start an engine in cold temperatures. A higher CCA rating means the battery can provide more power in colder conditions, which is critical for reliable vehicle performance in winter.

Reserve capacity (RC) measures how long the battery can power your vehicle’s electrical systems in the event of a charging system failure. Understanding this capacity helps ensure that you won’t be stranded due to battery failure.

Compatibility with electrical systems means the battery should support the vehicle’s electrical load, especially for modern cars equipped with advanced electronics. A battery that cannot handle the required load may lead to performance issues or shorten the lifespan of electrical components.

Weight is another factor to consider, as it can affect vehicle handling and performance. The vehicle’s manufacturer provides specifications for the battery’s weight, and selecting a battery that meets these specifications is important for maintaining optimal vehicle dynamics.

What Innovations Are Shaping the Future of Car Battery Technologies?

Several innovations are shaping the future of car battery technologies:

• Solid-State Batteries: These batteries use a solid electrolyte instead of a liquid one, which can enhance energy density and safety. They are less prone to overheating, significantly reducing the risk of fires and improving overall vehicle performance.
• Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Offering a higher theoretical energy density compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur technology may allow for lighter batteries with longer range capabilities. They utilize sulfur as a cathode material, which is abundant and inexpensive, potentially lowering production costs.
• Fast-Charging Technologies: Innovations in fast-charging systems aim to reduce the time it takes to charge electric vehicle batteries, making them more user-friendly. Enhanced cooling systems and improved battery chemistry enable quicker energy transfer without compromising battery life.
• Recycling and Second-Life Applications: New methods for recycling batteries can recover valuable materials, reducing waste and environmental impact. Additionally, used EV batteries can be repurposed for energy storage solutions, extending their usability beyond automotive applications.
• Battery Management Systems (BMS): Advanced BMS technology enhances the monitoring and management of battery health, optimizing performance and prolonging lifespan. These systems allow for better diagnostics and efficiency in energy use, contributing to more reliable electric vehicle operation.

How Are Emerging Technologies Improving Vehicle Battery Performance?

Emerging technologies are significantly enhancing vehicle battery performance through various innovative methods.

• Solid-State Batteries: Solid-state batteries replace the liquid electrolyte found in traditional lithium-ion batteries with a solid electrolyte, leading to improved energy density and safety. They have the potential to offer higher capacities, faster charging times, and reduced risks of fire or leakage, making them a promising candidate for the best car battery technology.
• Graphene Batteries: Graphene batteries utilize graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms, to enhance conductivity and energy storage capabilities. This technology can lead to batteries that charge faster, last longer, and provide greater power output compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries.
• Battery Management Systems (BMS): Advanced battery management systems utilize algorithms and smart technology to monitor and optimize battery performance in real-time. They help in prolonging battery life, improving efficiency, and ensuring safety by preventing overcharging or deep discharging.
• Fast-Charging Technologies: Innovations in fast-charging technologies are enabling electric vehicle batteries to recharge significantly quicker than before. Techniques such as ultra-fast charging systems can dramatically reduce charging times, making electric vehicles more convenient for users and enhancing their practicality as daily drivers.
• Recycling and Second-Life Applications: Emerging technologies in battery recycling and second-life applications are improving sustainability in the automotive industry. Efficient recycling processes are being developed to recover valuable materials from spent batteries, and second-life applications allow used batteries to be repurposed for energy storage, thereby extending their useful life and reducing waste.
• Nanotechnology: Nanotechnology involves manipulating materials at the molecular level to improve battery performance. This can lead to batteries with higher energy density, lighter weight, and enhanced durability, providing a significant advantage in electric vehicle applications.

What Sustainable Solutions Are Being Developed for Future Car Batteries?

Several innovative sustainable solutions are being developed for future car batteries to enhance performance, reduce environmental impact, and ensure longevity.

• Solid-State Batteries: Solid-state batteries replace the liquid electrolyte found in traditional lithium-ion batteries with a solid electrolyte. This change improves energy density, enhances safety by reducing flammability risks, and extends the lifespan of the battery, making them a promising option for electric vehicles.
• Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Lithium-sulfur batteries utilize sulfur as the cathode material, which is abundant and inexpensive. They have the potential to offer higher energy densities compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries, leading to longer ranges for electric vehicles while being more environmentally friendly due to the use of less toxic materials.
• Recyclable Battery Materials: Researchers are focusing on developing batteries with materials that can be easily recycled and repurposed. By using more sustainable materials and creating closed-loop systems, the environmental impact of battery production and disposal can be significantly reduced, leading to a more sustainable lifecycle for car batteries.
• Sodium-Ion Batteries: Sodium-ion batteries are emerging as a viable alternative to lithium-ion batteries, leveraging sodium, which is more abundant and widely available. These batteries can potentially lower costs and reduce reliance on lithium, addressing supply chain concerns while still providing adequate performance for electric vehicles.
• Organic Batteries: Organic batteries utilize organic materials for electrodes, which can be derived from renewable sources. This technology not only reduces the reliance on metals that can be environmentally damaging to extract but also allows for biodegradable components, further minimizing ecological impacts.
• Fast-Charging Technologies: Innovations in fast-charging technologies aim to reduce the time required to charge electric vehicle batteries significantly. These advancements, including improved battery chemistry and infrastructure development, enhance user convenience and promote wider adoption of electric vehicles by addressing range anxiety.

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